Childhood obesity, dental crowding, and dental arch dimensions
Main Article Content
Abstract
Childhood obesity influences timing of dental development and eruption, with some researchers suggesting that earlier dental development in children and adolescents with obesity may cause increased dental crowding. The aim of this study is to investigate the association of childhood obesity with dental crowding and arch width. Subjects were recruited from the University of Illinois Chicago’s College of Dentistry’s Orthodontic Clinic (n=148) and categorized into healthy, overweight, or obese body mass index (BMI) as defined by the Center of Disease (CDC) for children and adolescents. Mandibular intercanine distance and crowding (anterior TSALD score) was measured. Descriptive statistics, Kruskal-Wallis and Spearman’s rank correlation were employed to examine differences in dental crowding and intercanine distance by BMI category and percentile. Our results indicate that, although there was no association between BMI and dental crowding, there was a significant, moderate positive correlation with intercanine distance (p<0.001, rho=0.308). Contrary to some prior work, we see no evidence of increased crowding in children with high BMI. Notably, wider intercanine distances were observed which may instead contribute to decreased crowding. Although the cause of increased intercanine distance is unclear, this may reflect overall greater mandibular growth.
References
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Cuda, S.E., Censani, M. 2019. “Pediatric obesity algorithm: a practical approach to obesity diagnosis and management.” Frontiers in Pediatrics 6: 431. https://doi.org/10.3389/fped.2018.00431.
Duncan, L.O., Piedade, L., Lekic, M., Cunha, R.S., Wiltshire, W.A. 2016. “Changes in mandibular incisor position and arch form resulting from Invisalign correction of the crowded dentition treated nonextraction.” The Angle Orthodontist 86: 577-83. https://doi.org/10.2319/042415-280.1.
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El-Mangoury, N.H., Gaafar, S.M., Mostafa, Y.A. 1987. “Mandibular anterior crowding and periodontal disease.” The Angle Orthodontist 57: 33-8. https://doi.org/10.1043/0003-3219(1987)057%3C0033:MACAPD%3E2.0.CO;2.
Eveleth, P.B. 2017. “Timing of menarche: Secular trend and population differences.” In: School-age pregnancy and parenthood. pp. 39-52. Routledge.
Forhan, M., Gill, S.V. 2013. “Obesity, functional mobility and quality of life.” Best Practice & Research Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism. 27: 129-37. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.beem.2013.01.003.
Gordon, L.A., Miller, S.F., Caplin, J., Galang-Boquiren, M.T., Alrayyes, S., Nicholas, C.L. 2021. “Childhood obesity may accelerate timing of human facial growth.” Archives of Oral Biology 121: 104964. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.archoralbio.2020.104964.
Hafez, H.S., Shaarawy, S.M., Al-Sakiti, A.A., Mostafa, Y.A. 2012. “Dental crowding as a caries risk factor: a systematic review.” American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics 142: 443-50. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajodo.2012.04.018.
Hasanreisoglu, U., Berksun, S., Aras, K., Arslan, I. 2005. “An analysis of maxillary anterior teeth: facial and dental proportions.” The Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry 94, no. 6: 530-8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.prosdent.2005.10.007.
Hauspie, R.C., Vercauteren, M., Susanne, C. 1997. “Secular changes in growth and maturation: an update.” Acta Paediatrica 86, no. S423: 20-7. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1651-2227.1997.tb18364.x.
Hochberg, Z.E. 2011. “Developmental plasticity in child growth and maturation.” Frontiers in Endocrinology 29, no. 2: 41. https://doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2011.00041.
Hosokawa, M., Imazeki, S., Mizunuma, H., Kubota, T., Hayashi, K. 2012. “Secular trends in age at menarche and time to establish regular menstrual cycling in Japanese women born between 1930 and 1985.” BMC Women's Health 12: 1-6.
Howe, R.P., McNamara, Jr. J.A., O'connor, K.A. 1983. “An examination of dental crowding and its relationship to tooth size and arch dimension.” American Journal of Orthodontics 83: 363-73. https://doi.org/10.1016/0002-9416(83)90320-2.
Indriyanti, R., Efendi, S.H., Maskoen, A.M., Riyanti, E. 2018. “Predisposing factors analysis of mandibular anterior tooth crowding in the mixed dentition period by the tooth size and dental arch width.” Padjadjaran Journal of Dentistry 30: 208-14.
Jasim, E.S., Garma, N.M., Nahidh, M. 2016. “The association between malocclusion and nutritional status among 9-11 years old children.” Iraqi Orthodontic Journal 12:13-4.
Kumar, S., Kelly, A.S. 2017. “Review of childhood obesity: from epidemiology, etiology, and comorbidities to clinical assessment and treatment.” In: Mayo Clinic Proceedings Vol. 92, No. 2: 251-265. Elsevier.
Kuzawa, C.W. 2007. “Developmental origins of life history: growth, productivity, and reproduction.” American Journal of Human Biology 19, no. 5: 654-61. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajhb.20659.
Little, R.M. 1975. “The irregularity index: a quantitative score of mandibular anterior alignment.” American Journal of Orthodontics 68: 554-63. https://doi.org/10.1016/0002-9416(75)90086-X.
Mack, K.B., Phillips, C., Jain, N., Koroluk, L.D. 2013. “Relationship between body mass index percentile and skeletal maturation and dental development in orthodontic patients.” American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics 143: 228-34. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajodo.2012.09.015.
Maeda, K., Tsuiki, S., Isono, S., Namba, K., Kobayashi, M., Inoue, Y. 2012. “Difference in dental arch size between obese and non‐obese patients with obstructive sleep apnoea.” Journal of Oral Rehabilitation 39: 111-7. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2842.2011.02243.x.
Must, A., Phillips, S.M., Tybor, D.J., Lividini, K., Hayes, C. 2012. “The association between childhood obesity and tooth eruption.” Obesity 20: 2070-4. https://doi.org/10.1038/oby.2012.23
Nicholas, C.L., Kadavy, K., Holton, N.E., Marshall, T., Richter, A., Southard, T. 2018a. “Childhood body mass index is associated with early dental development and eruption in a longitudinal sample from the Iowa Facial Growth Study.” American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics 154: 72-81. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajodo.2017.10.033.
Nicholas, C.L., Thalji, G., Richter, A. 2018b. “Childhood obesity and accelerated timing of dental development: A critical review.” Forensic Anthropology. 1: 170-9.
Öhrn, K., Al-Kahlili, B., Huggare, J., Forsberg, C.M., Marcus, C., Dahllöf, G. 2002. “Craniofacial morphology in obese adolescents.” Acta Odontologica Scandinavica 60: 193-7. https://doi.org/10.1080/000163502760147936.
Padez, C., Rocha, M.A. 2003. “Age at menarche in Coimbra (Portugal) school girls: a note on the secular changes.” Annals of Human Biology 30, no. 5: 622-32. https://doi.org/10.1080/03014460310001592650.
Park, T.H., Lin, J.H., Chung, C.H., Zheng, Z. and Li, C., 2023. “The skeletal and dental age advancements of children and adolescents with overweight and obesity: A systematic review and meta-analysis.” American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics 164, no. 3: 325-339.
Portelli, M., Matarese, G., Militi, A., Cordasco, G., Lucchese, A. 2012. “A proportional correlation index for space analysis in mixed dentition derived from an Italian population sample.” European Journal of Paediatric Dentistry 13, no. 2: 113-7.
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