Dental corrosion in preindustrial societies: A case study of a child from “Pedra do Cachorro” dating to 1,470 BP, Northeastern Brazil
Main Article Content
Abstract
Systemic vomiting resulting from mental disorders and the high intake of acidic beverage in industrial societies result in a relatively elevated frequency of dental corrosion. In the past, however, this type of chemical dental wear was rather rare. Here we describe the case of a 3-year-old child dated to 1470±30BP from the archaeological site of Pedra do Cachorro (northeastern Brazil) that presents a unique pattern of chemical wearing compatible with dental corrosion. We integrate this observation with a broader characterization of buccal health including caries, periapical lesions, dental calculus and periodontal bone resorption. Osteological markers of physiological imperilments such as linear enamel hypoplasia (LEH) and transverse radiopaque lines (Harris lines) are also considered.
References
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Black, S., Scheuer, L. (1996). Age changes in the clavicle?: from the early neonatal period to skeletal maturity. International Journal of Osteoarchaeology, 6, 425–434.
Brace, C.L., Molnar, S. (1967). Experimental studies in human tooth wear: I. American Journal Physical Anthropology, 27, 361–8.
Carlsson, G.E., Egermark, I., Magnusson, T. (2003). Predictors of bruxism, other oral parafunctions, and tooth wear over a 20-year follow-up period. Journal of Orofacial Pain, 17, 50–57.
Cunninghan, C., Scheuer, L., Black, S., Liversidge, H.M. (2016). Skeletal development and ageing, in: Cunningham, C., Scheuer, L., Black, S., Liversidge, H.M. (Eds.), Development Juvenile Osteology. Academic Press - Elsevier, London - UK, pp. 5–18.
d’Incau, E., Couture, C., Maureille, B. (2012). Human tooth wear in the past and the present: tribological mechanisms, scoring systems, dental and skeletal compensations. Archives of Oral Biology, 57, 214–29.
Da-Gloria, P., Oliveira, R.E., Neves, W.A. (2017). Dental caries at Lapa do Santo, central-eastern Brazil: An Early Holocene archaeological site. Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências, 89, 307–316.
Deaton, A. (2008). Height, health, and inequality: the distribution of adult heights in India. American Economic Review, 98, 468–474.
Demirjian A, Goldstein H, Tanner J.M. (1973). A new system of dental age assessment. Human Biology, 45(2):211-27.
Deter, C.A. (2009). Gradients of occlusal wear in hunter-gatherers and agriculturalists. American Journal Physical Anthropology, 138, 247–54.
Dong, Y.M., Pearce, E.I., Yue, L., Larsen, M.J., Gao, X.J., Wang, J.D. (1999). Plaque pH and associated parameters in relation to caries. Caries Research, 33, 428–36.
Dori, I., Moggi-Cecchi, J. (2014). An enigmatic enamel alteration on the anterior maxillary teeth in a prehistoric North Italian population. American Journal Physical Anthropology, 154, 609–614.
Eccles, J.D. (1979). Dental erosion of nonindustrial origin. A clinical survey and classification. Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry, 42(6), 649–653.
Eccles, J.D., Jenkins, W.G. (1974). Dental erosion and diet. Journal of Dentistry, 2, 153–159.
Ekstrand, J., Oliveby, A. (1999). Fluoride in the oral environment. Acta Odontologica Scandica, 57, 330–3.
Gindhart, P.S. (1973). Growth standards for the tibia and radius in children aged one month through eighteen years. American Journal Physical Anthropology, 39, 41–48.
Grippo, J.O., Simring, M., Coleman, T.A. (2012). Abfraction, abrasion, biocorrosion, and the enigma of noncarious cervical lesions: A 20-year perspective. Journal of Esthetic and Restorative Dentistry, 24, 10–23.
Guatelli-Steinberg, D., Larsen, C.S., Hutchinson. D.L. (2004). Prevalence and the duration of linear enamel hypoplasia: a comparative study of Neandertals and Inuit foragers. Journal of Human Evolution, 47, 65-84.
Gudmundsson, K., Kristleifsson, G., Theodors, A., Holbrook, W.P. (1995). Tooth erosion, gastroesophageal reflux, and salivary buffer capacity. Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology, and Oral Radiology, 79, 185–189.
Hillson, S. (2008). The Current State of Dental Decay, in: Irish, J.D., Nelson, G.C. (Eds.), Technique and Application in Dental Anthropology. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge - United Kingdom, pp. 111–135.
Honório, H.M., Rios, D., Santos, C.F., Magalhães, A.C., Buzalaf, M.A.R., Machado, M.A.A.M. (2008). Effects of erosive, cariogenic or combined erosive/cariogenic challenges on human enamel: an in situ/ex vivo study. Caries Research, 42, 454–9.
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Järvinen, V.K., Rytömaa, I.I., Heinonen, O.P. (1991). Risk factors in dental erosion. Journal of Dentistry Research, 70, 942–947.
Kaplan, H. (1996). A theory of fertility and parental investment in traditional and modern human societies. American Journal Physical Anthropology, 101, 91–135.
Katz, P.O., Gerson, L.B., Vela, M.F. (2013). Guidelines for the diagnosis and management of gastroesophageal reflux disease. American Journal of Gastroenterology, 108, 308–28; quiz 329.
Kielmann, A.A., McCord, C. (1978). Weight-for-age as index of risk of death in children. Lancet, 1247–1250.
Lanigan, L.T., Bartlett, D.W. (2013). Tooth wear with an erosive component in a Mediaeval Iceland population. Archives of Oral Biology, 58, 1450–1456.
Larsen, C.S., Teaford, M.F., Sandford, M.K. (1998). Teeth as tools at Tutu: Extramasticatory behavior in prehistoric St. Thomas, U.S. Virgin Islands, in: Lukacs, J.R. (Ed.), Human Dental Development, Morphology, and Pathology: A tribute to Albert A. Dahlberg. University of Oregon Anthropological Papers, Oregon - USA, pp. 401–420.
Larsen, M.J. (2008). Erosion of the Teeth, in: Fejerskov, O., Kidd, E.A.M., Nyvad, B., Baelum, V. (Eds.), Dental Caries: The Disease and its Clinical Management. Blackwell Munksgaard Publishing Ltda, Oxford - United Kingdom, pp. 233–248.
Lazarchik, D.A., Filler, S.J. (2000). Dental erosion: predominant oral lesion in gastroesophageal reflux disease. American Journal of Gastroenterology, 95, S33-8.
Linnett, V., Seow, K. (2001). Dental erosion in children: A literature review. Pediatric Dentistry, 23, 37–43.
Lucas, P.W., Omar, R. (2012). Damaged! A new overview of dental wear. Archives of Oral Biology, 57, 211–3.
Lussi, A., Schlueter, N., Rakhmatullina, E., Ganss, C. (2011). Dental erosion: An overview with emphasis on chemical and histopathological aspects. Caries Research, 45 Suppl 1, 2–12.
Maitland, K., Berkley, J.A., Shebbe, M., Peshu, N., English, M., Newton, C.R.J.C. (2006). Children with severe malnutrition: Can those at highest risk of death be identified with the WHO protocol? PLoS Medicine, 3, 2431–2439.
Manfredini, D., Lobbezoo, F. (2009). Role of psychosocial factors in the etiology of bruxism. Journal of Orofacial Pain, 23, 153–166.
Maresh, M.M. (1970). Measurements from roentgenograms, in: McCammon, R.W. (Ed.), Human and Growth Development. Springfield IL: Thomas, Charles C, pp. 157–200.
Martinez-Maza, C., Freidline, S.E., Strauss, A., Nieto-Diaz, M. (2016). Bone growth dynamics of the facial skeleton and mandible in Gorilla gorilla and Pan troglodytes. Evolutionary Biology, 43, 60–80.
Mays, S., Cox, M. (2000). Sex determination in skeletal remains, in: Cox, M., Mays, S., Human Osteology in Archaeology and Forensic Science. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 117-130.
Moazzez, R., Bartlett, D., Anggiansah, A. (2004). Dental erosion, gastro-esophageal reflux disease and saliva: How are they related? Journal of Dentistry, 32, 489–494.
Molnar, P. (2008). Dental wear and oral pathology: possible evidence and consequences of habitual use of teeth in a Swedish Neolithic sample. American Journal Physical Anthropology, 136, 423–31.
Molnar, S. (1971). Human tooth function and cultural variability. American Journal Physical Anthropology, 34, 175–190.
Morimoto, S., Sesma, N., Agra, C.M., Guedes-Pinto, A.C., Hojo, K.Y. (2014). Dental Erosion: etiology, mechanisms and implications. Journal of Biodentistry and Biomaterials, 4, 6–23.
Moynihan, P.J. (2005). The role of diet and nutrition in the etiology and prevention of oral diseases. Bulletin of World Health Organization, 83, 694–9.
Nascimento, M.M., Dilbone, D.A., Pereira, P.N., Duarte, W.R., Geraldeli, S., Delgado, A.J. (2016). Abfraction lesions: etiology, diagnosis, and treatment options. Clinical, Cosmetic and Investigational Dentistry, 8, 79-87.
Nebel, O.T., Fornes, M.F., Castell, D.O. (1976). Symptomatic gastroesophageal reflux: Incidence and precipitating factors. The American Journal of Digestive Diseases, 21, 953–956.
Oliveira, R.E. (2014). Prevalencia de patologías orales en los oasis de San Pedro de Atacama, first. ed. Publicia - OmniScriptum GmbH & CO - Saabrücken, Deutschland, Saarbrücken, Deutshland.
Oliveira, R.E., Neves, W.A. (2015). Oral health in prehistoric San Pedro de Atacama oases, Northern Chile. HOMO - Journal of Comparative Human Biology, 66, 492–507.
Onis, M. (2010). Measuring nutritional status in relation to mortality. World Health Organization: WHO, 10, 1271–1274.
Pavone, B.W. (1985). Bruxism and its effect on the natural teeth. Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry, 53, 692–696.
Rice, A.L., Sacco, L., Hyder, A., Black, R.E. (2000). Malnutrition as an underlying cause of childhood deaths associated with infectious diseases in developing countries. Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 78, 1207–1221.
Robb, N.D., Cruwys, E., Smith, B.G.N. (1991a). Regurgitation erosion as a possible cause pf tooth wear in ancient British populations. Archives of Oral Biology, 36, 595–602.
Robb, N.D., Cruwys, E., Smith, B.G.N. (1991b). Is “Lingual Surface Attrition of the Maxillary Teeth (LSAMAT)” Caused by Dental Erosion? American Journal Physical Anthropology, 85, 345-351
Rudolph, C.D., Mazur, L.J., Liptak, G.S., Baker, R.D., Boyle, J.T., Colletti, R.B., Gerson, W.T., Werlin, S.L. (2001). Guidelines for evaluation and treatment of gastroesophageal reflux in infants and children: Recommendations of the North American Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition. Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, 32, S1–S31.
Scheid, R.C., Weiss, G. (2012). Dental anomalies, in: Scheid, R.C., Weiss, G. (Eds.), Woelfel’s Dental Anatomy. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia - USA, pp. 323–344.
Schutkowski, H. (1993). Sex determination of infant and juvenile skeletons: I. Morphognostic features. American Journal Physical Anthropology, 90, 199–205.
Smith, B.H. (1984). Patterns of molar wear in hunter-gatherers and agriculturalists. American Journal Physical Anthropology, 63, 39–56.
Solari, A., Silva, S.F.M.S., Mello, S. (2015). Estudo de caso sobre indicadores bioarqueológicos de práticas mortuárias complexas em esqueleto humano coletado no abrigo Pedra do Cachorro, Buíque, PE. CLIO – Arqueológica, 30, 99–119.
Solari, A., Alves-Pereira, A., Sá Espinola, C., Martin, G., Pacheco da Costa, I., Serafim Monteiro da Silva, S.F. (2016). Escavações arqueológicas no abrigo funerário Pedra Do Cachorro, Buíque – Pe. CLIO – Arqueológica, 31, 105–135.
Spielmann, K.A. (1989). A Review: Dietary restrictions on hunter-gatherer women and the implications for fertility and infant mortality. Human Ecology, 17, 321–345.
Turner, C.G., Machado, L.M.C. (1983). A New Dental Wear Pattern and Evidence for High Carbohydrate Consumption in a Brazilian Archaic Skeletal Population. American Journal Physical Anthropology, 61:125-130.
Ubelaker, D.H. (1989). Human Skeletal Remains: Excavation, Analysis and Interpretation, Second ed. Taraxacum, Washington, DC - USA.
Umapathy, T., Jayam, C., Yogish, P., Yogish, A., Bandlapalli, A. (2013). Linear Enamel Hypoplasia. Journal of Indian Academy of Oral Medicine and Radiology, 25(2), 153-156.
Vakil, N., Van Zanten, S.V., Kahrilas, P., Dent, J., Jones, R., Bianchi, L.K., Cesario, K.B. (2006). The Montreal definition and classification of gastroesophageal reflux disease: A global evidence-based consensus. American Journal of Gastroenterology, 101, 1900–1920.
Van’t Spijker, A., Rodriguez, J.M., Kreulen, C.M., Bronkhorst, E.M., Bartlett, D.W., Creugers, N.H.J. (2009). Prevalence of tooth wear in adults. Int. J. Prosthodont. 22, 35–42.
van den Broeck, J. (1995). Malnutrition and mortality. Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine, 88, 487–90.
van Herwaarden, M.A., Samsom, M., Smout, A.J.P.M. (2000). Excess gastroesophageal reflux in patients with hiatus hernia is caused by mechanisms other than transient LES relaxations. Gastroenterology, 119, 1439–1446.
Vandenplas, Y., Rudolph, C.D., Lorenzo, C., Hassall, E., Liptak, G., Mazur, L., Sondheimer, J., Staiano, A., Thomson, M., Veereman-Wauters, G., Wenzl, T.G. (2009). Pediatric gastroesophageal reflux clinical practice guidelines: joint recommendations of the North American Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition (NASPGHAN) and the European Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition (ESPGHAN). Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, 49, 498–547.
Warren, J.J., Yonezu, T., Bishara, S.E., Ortho, D. (2002). Tooth wear patterns in the deciduous dentition. American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, 122, 614–618.
Waters-Rist, A., Bazaliiskii, V.I., Weber, A., Goriunova, O.I., Katzenberg, M.A. (2010). Activity-induced dental modification in Holocene Siberian hunter-fisher-gatherers. American Journal Physical Anthropology, 143, 266–78.
Black, S., Scheuer, L. (1996). Age changes in the clavicle?: from the early neonatal period to skeletal maturity. International Journal of Osteoarchaeology, 6, 425–434.
Brace, C.L., Molnar, S. (1967). Experimental studies in human tooth wear: I. American Journal Physical Anthropology, 27, 361–8.
Carlsson, G.E., Egermark, I., Magnusson, T. (2003). Predictors of bruxism, other oral parafunctions, and tooth wear over a 20-year follow-up period. Journal of Orofacial Pain, 17, 50–57.
Cunninghan, C., Scheuer, L., Black, S., Liversidge, H.M. (2016). Skeletal development and ageing, in: Cunningham, C., Scheuer, L., Black, S., Liversidge, H.M. (Eds.), Development Juvenile Osteology. Academic Press - Elsevier, London - UK, pp. 5–18.
d’Incau, E., Couture, C., Maureille, B. (2012). Human tooth wear in the past and the present: tribological mechanisms, scoring systems, dental and skeletal compensations. Archives of Oral Biology, 57, 214–29.
Da-Gloria, P., Oliveira, R.E., Neves, W.A. (2017). Dental caries at Lapa do Santo, central-eastern Brazil: An Early Holocene archaeological site. Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências, 89, 307–316.
Deaton, A. (2008). Height, health, and inequality: the distribution of adult heights in India. American Economic Review, 98, 468–474.
Demirjian A, Goldstein H, Tanner J.M. (1973). A new system of dental age assessment. Human Biology, 45(2):211-27.
Deter, C.A. (2009). Gradients of occlusal wear in hunter-gatherers and agriculturalists. American Journal Physical Anthropology, 138, 247–54.
Dong, Y.M., Pearce, E.I., Yue, L., Larsen, M.J., Gao, X.J., Wang, J.D. (1999). Plaque pH and associated parameters in relation to caries. Caries Research, 33, 428–36.
Dori, I., Moggi-Cecchi, J. (2014). An enigmatic enamel alteration on the anterior maxillary teeth in a prehistoric North Italian population. American Journal Physical Anthropology, 154, 609–614.
Eccles, J.D. (1979). Dental erosion of nonindustrial origin. A clinical survey and classification. Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry, 42(6), 649–653.
Eccles, J.D., Jenkins, W.G. (1974). Dental erosion and diet. Journal of Dentistry, 2, 153–159.
Ekstrand, J., Oliveby, A. (1999). Fluoride in the oral environment. Acta Odontologica Scandica, 57, 330–3.
Gindhart, P.S. (1973). Growth standards for the tibia and radius in children aged one month through eighteen years. American Journal Physical Anthropology, 39, 41–48.
Grippo, J.O., Simring, M., Coleman, T.A. (2012). Abfraction, abrasion, biocorrosion, and the enigma of noncarious cervical lesions: A 20-year perspective. Journal of Esthetic and Restorative Dentistry, 24, 10–23.
Guatelli-Steinberg, D., Larsen, C.S., Hutchinson. D.L. (2004). Prevalence and the duration of linear enamel hypoplasia: a comparative study of Neandertals and Inuit foragers. Journal of Human Evolution, 47, 65-84.
Gudmundsson, K., Kristleifsson, G., Theodors, A., Holbrook, W.P. (1995). Tooth erosion, gastroesophageal reflux, and salivary buffer capacity. Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology, and Oral Radiology, 79, 185–189.
Hillson, S. (2008). The Current State of Dental Decay, in: Irish, J.D., Nelson, G.C. (Eds.), Technique and Application in Dental Anthropology. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge - United Kingdom, pp. 111–135.
Honório, H.M., Rios, D., Santos, C.F., Magalhães, A.C., Buzalaf, M.A.R., Machado, M.A.A.M. (2008). Effects of erosive, cariogenic or combined erosive/cariogenic challenges on human enamel: an in situ/ex vivo study. Caries Research, 42, 454–9.
Iida, H., Auinger, P., Billings, R.J., Weitzman, M. (2007). Association between infant breastfeeding and early childhood caries in the United States. Pediatrics, 120, e944-52.
Järvinen, V.K., Rytömaa, I.I., Heinonen, O.P. (1991). Risk factors in dental erosion. Journal of Dentistry Research, 70, 942–947.
Kaplan, H. (1996). A theory of fertility and parental investment in traditional and modern human societies. American Journal Physical Anthropology, 101, 91–135.
Katz, P.O., Gerson, L.B., Vela, M.F. (2013). Guidelines for the diagnosis and management of gastroesophageal reflux disease. American Journal of Gastroenterology, 108, 308–28; quiz 329.
Kielmann, A.A., McCord, C. (1978). Weight-for-age as index of risk of death in children. Lancet, 1247–1250.
Lanigan, L.T., Bartlett, D.W. (2013). Tooth wear with an erosive component in a Mediaeval Iceland population. Archives of Oral Biology, 58, 1450–1456.
Larsen, C.S., Teaford, M.F., Sandford, M.K. (1998). Teeth as tools at Tutu: Extramasticatory behavior in prehistoric St. Thomas, U.S. Virgin Islands, in: Lukacs, J.R. (Ed.), Human Dental Development, Morphology, and Pathology: A tribute to Albert A. Dahlberg. University of Oregon Anthropological Papers, Oregon - USA, pp. 401–420.
Larsen, M.J. (2008). Erosion of the Teeth, in: Fejerskov, O., Kidd, E.A.M., Nyvad, B., Baelum, V. (Eds.), Dental Caries: The Disease and its Clinical Management. Blackwell Munksgaard Publishing Ltda, Oxford - United Kingdom, pp. 233–248.
Lazarchik, D.A., Filler, S.J. (2000). Dental erosion: predominant oral lesion in gastroesophageal reflux disease. American Journal of Gastroenterology, 95, S33-8.
Linnett, V., Seow, K. (2001). Dental erosion in children: A literature review. Pediatric Dentistry, 23, 37–43.
Lucas, P.W., Omar, R. (2012). Damaged! A new overview of dental wear. Archives of Oral Biology, 57, 211–3.
Lussi, A., Schlueter, N., Rakhmatullina, E., Ganss, C. (2011). Dental erosion: An overview with emphasis on chemical and histopathological aspects. Caries Research, 45 Suppl 1, 2–12.
Maitland, K., Berkley, J.A., Shebbe, M., Peshu, N., English, M., Newton, C.R.J.C. (2006). Children with severe malnutrition: Can those at highest risk of death be identified with the WHO protocol? PLoS Medicine, 3, 2431–2439.
Manfredini, D., Lobbezoo, F. (2009). Role of psychosocial factors in the etiology of bruxism. Journal of Orofacial Pain, 23, 153–166.
Maresh, M.M. (1970). Measurements from roentgenograms, in: McCammon, R.W. (Ed.), Human and Growth Development. Springfield IL: Thomas, Charles C, pp. 157–200.
Martinez-Maza, C., Freidline, S.E., Strauss, A., Nieto-Diaz, M. (2016). Bone growth dynamics of the facial skeleton and mandible in Gorilla gorilla and Pan troglodytes. Evolutionary Biology, 43, 60–80.
Mays, S., Cox, M. (2000). Sex determination in skeletal remains, in: Cox, M., Mays, S., Human Osteology in Archaeology and Forensic Science. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 117-130.
Moazzez, R., Bartlett, D., Anggiansah, A. (2004). Dental erosion, gastro-esophageal reflux disease and saliva: How are they related? Journal of Dentistry, 32, 489–494.
Molnar, P. (2008). Dental wear and oral pathology: possible evidence and consequences of habitual use of teeth in a Swedish Neolithic sample. American Journal Physical Anthropology, 136, 423–31.
Molnar, S. (1971). Human tooth function and cultural variability. American Journal Physical Anthropology, 34, 175–190.
Morimoto, S., Sesma, N., Agra, C.M., Guedes-Pinto, A.C., Hojo, K.Y. (2014). Dental Erosion: etiology, mechanisms and implications. Journal of Biodentistry and Biomaterials, 4, 6–23.
Moynihan, P.J. (2005). The role of diet and nutrition in the etiology and prevention of oral diseases. Bulletin of World Health Organization, 83, 694–9.
Nascimento, M.M., Dilbone, D.A., Pereira, P.N., Duarte, W.R., Geraldeli, S., Delgado, A.J. (2016). Abfraction lesions: etiology, diagnosis, and treatment options. Clinical, Cosmetic and Investigational Dentistry, 8, 79-87.
Nebel, O.T., Fornes, M.F., Castell, D.O. (1976). Symptomatic gastroesophageal reflux: Incidence and precipitating factors. The American Journal of Digestive Diseases, 21, 953–956.
Oliveira, R.E. (2014). Prevalencia de patologías orales en los oasis de San Pedro de Atacama, first. ed. Publicia - OmniScriptum GmbH & CO - Saabrücken, Deutschland, Saarbrücken, Deutshland.
Oliveira, R.E., Neves, W.A. (2015). Oral health in prehistoric San Pedro de Atacama oases, Northern Chile. HOMO - Journal of Comparative Human Biology, 66, 492–507.
Onis, M. (2010). Measuring nutritional status in relation to mortality. World Health Organization: WHO, 10, 1271–1274.
Pavone, B.W. (1985). Bruxism and its effect on the natural teeth. Journal of Prosthetic Dentistry, 53, 692–696.
Rice, A.L., Sacco, L., Hyder, A., Black, R.E. (2000). Malnutrition as an underlying cause of childhood deaths associated with infectious diseases in developing countries. Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 78, 1207–1221.
Robb, N.D., Cruwys, E., Smith, B.G.N. (1991a). Regurgitation erosion as a possible cause pf tooth wear in ancient British populations. Archives of Oral Biology, 36, 595–602.
Robb, N.D., Cruwys, E., Smith, B.G.N. (1991b). Is “Lingual Surface Attrition of the Maxillary Teeth (LSAMAT)” Caused by Dental Erosion? American Journal Physical Anthropology, 85, 345-351
Rudolph, C.D., Mazur, L.J., Liptak, G.S., Baker, R.D., Boyle, J.T., Colletti, R.B., Gerson, W.T., Werlin, S.L. (2001). Guidelines for evaluation and treatment of gastroesophageal reflux in infants and children: Recommendations of the North American Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition. Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, 32, S1–S31.
Scheid, R.C., Weiss, G. (2012). Dental anomalies, in: Scheid, R.C., Weiss, G. (Eds.), Woelfel’s Dental Anatomy. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia - USA, pp. 323–344.
Schutkowski, H. (1993). Sex determination of infant and juvenile skeletons: I. Morphognostic features. American Journal Physical Anthropology, 90, 199–205.
Smith, B.H. (1984). Patterns of molar wear in hunter-gatherers and agriculturalists. American Journal Physical Anthropology, 63, 39–56.
Solari, A., Silva, S.F.M.S., Mello, S. (2015). Estudo de caso sobre indicadores bioarqueológicos de práticas mortuárias complexas em esqueleto humano coletado no abrigo Pedra do Cachorro, Buíque, PE. CLIO – Arqueológica, 30, 99–119.
Solari, A., Alves-Pereira, A., Sá Espinola, C., Martin, G., Pacheco da Costa, I., Serafim Monteiro da Silva, S.F. (2016). Escavações arqueológicas no abrigo funerário Pedra Do Cachorro, Buíque – Pe. CLIO – Arqueológica, 31, 105–135.
Spielmann, K.A. (1989). A Review: Dietary restrictions on hunter-gatherer women and the implications for fertility and infant mortality. Human Ecology, 17, 321–345.
Turner, C.G., Machado, L.M.C. (1983). A New Dental Wear Pattern and Evidence for High Carbohydrate Consumption in a Brazilian Archaic Skeletal Population. American Journal Physical Anthropology, 61:125-130.
Ubelaker, D.H. (1989). Human Skeletal Remains: Excavation, Analysis and Interpretation, Second ed. Taraxacum, Washington, DC - USA.
Umapathy, T., Jayam, C., Yogish, P., Yogish, A., Bandlapalli, A. (2013). Linear Enamel Hypoplasia. Journal of Indian Academy of Oral Medicine and Radiology, 25(2), 153-156.
Vakil, N., Van Zanten, S.V., Kahrilas, P., Dent, J., Jones, R., Bianchi, L.K., Cesario, K.B. (2006). The Montreal definition and classification of gastroesophageal reflux disease: A global evidence-based consensus. American Journal of Gastroenterology, 101, 1900–1920.
Van’t Spijker, A., Rodriguez, J.M., Kreulen, C.M., Bronkhorst, E.M., Bartlett, D.W., Creugers, N.H.J. (2009). Prevalence of tooth wear in adults. Int. J. Prosthodont. 22, 35–42.
van den Broeck, J. (1995). Malnutrition and mortality. Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine, 88, 487–90.
van Herwaarden, M.A., Samsom, M., Smout, A.J.P.M. (2000). Excess gastroesophageal reflux in patients with hiatus hernia is caused by mechanisms other than transient LES relaxations. Gastroenterology, 119, 1439–1446.
Vandenplas, Y., Rudolph, C.D., Lorenzo, C., Hassall, E., Liptak, G., Mazur, L., Sondheimer, J., Staiano, A., Thomson, M., Veereman-Wauters, G., Wenzl, T.G. (2009). Pediatric gastroesophageal reflux clinical practice guidelines: joint recommendations of the North American Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition (NASPGHAN) and the European Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Nutrition (ESPGHAN). Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition, 49, 498–547.
Warren, J.J., Yonezu, T., Bishara, S.E., Ortho, D. (2002). Tooth wear patterns in the deciduous dentition. American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, 122, 614–618.
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This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.