A Dental Metric Study of Medieval, Post Medieval, and Modern Basque Populations from Northern Spain
Main Article Content
Abstract
Basque population history has been examined through classic genetic markers, mtDNA, Y chromosome haplogroups, craniometrics, and recently dental morphology. Dental morphological data show Basques have a classic European dental pattern but fall as an outlier among European populations. Expanding on that work, Basque tooth size was examined to further evaluate the affinities of the Basque population. Mesiodistal and buccolingual maximum crown measurements were taken from medieval and post medieval skeletons from the Catedral de Santa María in Vitoria, Spain, along with living samples of modern Basques, Spanish, and Spanish Basques from dental students at the Universidad del País Vasco. A dental metric examination affirms the outlier status of Basques, as they exhibit smaller crown areas than neighboring populations. In biodistance analyses Basque populations group with linguistically and geographically distant populations. Even with gene flow from Spain, France, and North Africa, Basque individuals still demonstrate a unique pattern coincident with their ancient origins.
References
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Galera V., and Cunha E. (1993). Dental patterns of Coimbra population. Anthropologie, 31, 35-44.
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Harris E.F., and Rathbun T.A. (1991). Ethnic differences in the apportionment of tooth sizes. In: Kelley M.A., and Larsen C.S, editors. Advances in Dental Anthropology (pp. 121-142).
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Harris E.F. (1997). A strategy for comparing odontometrics among groups. Dent Anthropol, 12, 1-5.
Harris E.F., Potter E.H., and Lin J. (2001). Secular trend in tooth size in urban Chinese assessed
from two-generation family data. Am J Phys Anthropol, 115, 312-318.
Harris E.F. (2003). Where’s the variation? Variance components in tooth size of the permanent dentition. Dent Anthropol, 16, 84-94.
Harris E.F. (2008). Statistical applications in dental anthropology. In: Irish J.D., and Nelson G.C., editors. Technique and application in dental anthropology (pp 35-67). Cambridge
University Press.
Henneberg R.J. (2011). Dental health and affiliations of inhabitants of the ancient Greek colony in Metaponto, Italy (6th-3rd century BC). Dissertation, University of Witwatersrand,
Johannesburg.
Hinton R.J., Smith M.O., and Smith F.H. (1980). Tooth size changes in prehistoric Tennessee Indians. Hum Biol, 52, 229-245.
Hopkinson K.A., Yeats S.Y., and Scott G.R. (2008). For whom the coin tolls: green stained teeth in Medieval and Post-Medieval Spanish burials. Dent Anthropol, 21,12-17.
Hurles M.E., Veitia R., Arroyo E., Armenteros M., Bertranpetit J., Pérez-Lezaun A., Bosch E., Shlumukova M., Cambon-Thomsen A., McElreavey K., López de Munain A., Röhl A., Wilson I.J., Singh L., Pandya A., Santos F.R., Tyler-Smith C., and Jobling M.A. (1999). Recent male-mediated gene flow over a linguistic barrier in Iberia suggested by analysis of a Y- chromosome DNA polymorphism. Am J Hum Genet, 65, 1437-1448.
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Iscan M.Y. (1989). Reconstruction of life from the skeleton. New York: Liss.
Izagirre N., Alonso S., and de la Rúa C. (2001). DNA analysis and the evolutionary history of the Basque population: a review. J Anthropol Res, 57, 325-344.
Jacobson A. (1982). The dentition of the South African Negro. Higginbotham, Inc.
Janzen J.J. (2011). A craniometric analysis of Basque skulls from the Cathedral of Santa Maria, Vitoria-Gasteiz: Biological distance and population history. Thesis, University of Nevada Reno.
Kachigan S.K. (1986). Statistical analysis: An interdisciplinary introduction to univariate and multivariate methods. New York: Radius Press.
Kieser J.A. (1985). An odontometric analysis of early Griqua dentition. Anthropol Anzeiger, 43, 51- 58.
Kieser J.A., Groeneveld H.T., and Preston C.B. (1985e). A metrical analysis of the South African Caucasoid dentition. J Dent Assoc South Africa, 40, 121-5.
Kieser J.A., Groeneveld H.T., and Cameron N. (1987). Evidence for a secular trend in the Negro dentition. Ann Hum Biol 14, 517-32.
Kieser J.A. (1990). Human adult odontometrics. Cambridge University Press.
Kirveskari P., Hansson H., Hedegard B., and Karlson N. (1977). Crown size and hypodontia in the permanent teeth of modern Skolt Lapps. Am J Phys Anthropol, 48, 107-12.
Koyoumdjisky-Kaye E., Zilberman Y., and Hazan O. (1977). A comparative study of tooth and dental arch dimensions and sexual dimorphism in Israeli children of Cochin and North African descent. Zeitschrift für morphologie und anthropologie, 69, 32-42.
Lavelle C.B.L. (1968). Anglo-Saxon and modern British teeth. J Dent Res, 47, 811-815.
Lukacs J.R. (1985). Tooth size variation in prehistoric India. Am Anthropol, 87, 811-825.
Martinez-Crus B., Harmant C., Platt D.E., Wolfgang H., Manry J., Ramos-Luis E., Soria Heranz D.F., Bauduer F., Salaberria J., Oyharcabal B., Quintana-Murci L., and Comas D. (2012).
Evidence of Pre-Roman tribal genetic structure in Basques from uniparentally inherited markers. Molec Biol Evol, 29, 2211–2222.
Mayhall J.T. (1979). The dental morphology of the Inuit of the Canadian Central Artic. Ossa 6, 199-218.
Moorrees C.F.A. (1957). The Aleut Dentition. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
Nelson C.T. (1938). The teeth of the Indians of Pecos Pueblo. Am J Phys Anthropol, 23, 261- 293.
Pedersen P.O. (1949). The East Greenland Eskimo dentition, numerical variations and anatomy: a contribution to comparative ethnic odontography. Meddelelser om Grønland, 142, 1-244.
Perzigian A.J. (1976). The dentition of the Indian Knoll skeletal populations. Am J Phys Anthropol, 47, 63-70.
Perzigian A.J. (1977). Fluctuating dental asymmetry: variation among skeletal populations. Am J Phys Anthropol, 47, 81-88.
Perzigian A.J. (1981). Allometric analysis of dental variation in a human population. Am J Phys Anthropol, 54, 341-345.
Perzigian A.J. (1984). Human odontometric variation: an evolutionary and taxonomic assessment. L’Anthropol, 22, 193-198.
Phenice T.W. (1969). An analysis of the human skeletal material from burial mounds in north central Kansas. University of Kansas Press: Lawrence.
Potter R.H., Nance W.E., Yu P., and David W.B. (1976). A twin study of dental dimension. Am J Phys Anthropol, 44, 397-412.
Potter R.H., Nance W.E., and Yu P. (1978). Genetic determinants of dental dimension: a twin study. Am J Phys Anthropol, 44, 391-412.
Potter R.H.Y., Alcarzaren A.B., Herbosa F.M., and Tomaneng J. (1981). Dimensional characteristics of the Filipino dentition. Am J Phys Anthropol, 49, 533-44.
Rosenzweig K.A., and Zilberman Y. (1967). Dental morphology of Jews from Yemen and Cochin. Am J Phys Anthropol, 26, 15-22.
Rosenzweig K.A., and Zilberman Y. (1968). Dentition Bedouin in Israel: I. Am J Phys Anthropol, 47, 406-410.
Rosenzweig K.A., and Zilberman Y. (1969). Dentition Bedouin in Israel: II. Am J Phys Anthropol, 31, 199-204.
Roychoudhury A.K., and Nei M. (1988). Human polymorphic genes: world distribution. New York: Oxford University Press.
Sakai T., Hanamura H., and Ohno N. (1971). Tooth size of the Pashtun and Tajik in Afghanistan. J Anthropol Soc Nippon, 79, 159-77.
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